The US has updated its travel warning for China, flagging special risks for Chinese-American citizens, and Taiwan's government is echoing the caution for its own people.

• The State Department kept China at a "exercise increased caution" level but singled out Chinese-Americans as facing extra screening, surveillance, exit bans, and arbitrary detention.
• Spying investigations in China disproportionately target Chinese-American citizens, especially anyone who has worked for or with the US government.
• China does not recognize dual nationality — former Chinese citizens, people with Taiwan travel documents, and Americans of Chinese descent can all be treated as Chinese nationals on arrival.
• Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council warned that Beijing blurs the line between "Chinese," Taiwanese, and PRC nationals, and told Taiwanese officials to stay away from China unless necessary.
• Travelers should assume Chinese security services can read emails, texts, and social posts sent to or from the country; private criticism of the government has led to detention or expulsion.

Outlook: With several recent cases of naturalized Americans being held as Chinese citizens, travel friction between the US, Taiwan, and China looks set to tighten further.